Typescript is aware of usage of the Javascript instanceof and typeof operators, and will narrow down the type accordingly when you use those operators in conditional block.

typescript
function doSomething(x: number | string) {
  if (typeof x === 'string') {
    // Within the block TypeScript knows that `x` must be a string
    console.log(x.subtr(1)); // Error, 'subtr' does not exist on `string`
    console.log(x.substr(1)); // OK
  }
  x.substr(1); // Error: There is no guarantee that `x` is a `string`
}

(Example stolen from Typescript Deep Dive)

Usually, those typechecking are used frequently, and you may want to create some utility function to abstract it away. However, with those abstraction, you lose the narrowing down of typescript.

typescript
function isString(value: any) {
  return typeof value === 'string';
}
function doSomething(x: number | string) {
  if (isString(x)) {
    // Typescript doesn't know that x must be a string
    console.log(x.subtr(1)); // Error,
    console.log(x.substr(1)); // Error
  }
}

Solution: Custom Type Guard

Typescript introduces the concept of custom type guard, which allows you to create utility function that assert the type of the parameters.

typescript
function isString(value: any): value is string {
  return typeof value === 'string';
}
function doSomething(x: number | string) {
  if (isString(x)) {
    // Typescript know x is a string
    console.log(x.subtr(1)); // Error,
    console.log(x.substr(1)); // OK
  }
}

Side Note: npm package for common type checking

I've published a npm package, typesafe-is that consists of common type-checking with typeguard, as those are required in almost are javascript applications.