Use Overload to Type Dynamic Function Signature

Sometimes, you want to make your function return different result depends on the parameter.

Take, for example the following React custom hooks:

ts
export function usePreloadImage(imageSrc: string, eager = true) {
  /* if it is eager,
  then set loadIt to true, else make loadIt false */
  const [loadIt, setLoadIt] = React.useState(eager);
  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (imageSrc && loadIt) {
      // if loadIt is true, load the image
      const image = new Image();
      image.src = imageSrc;
    }
  }, [loadIt, imageSrc]);
  if (eager) {
    /* if eager, this hooks should NOT return
    a function because the image already loaded */
    return;
  }
  /* if not eager, returns a function
   that user can call to start load the image */
  return () => setLoadIt(true);
}

ts
export function usePreloadImage(imageSrc: string, eager = true) {
  /* if it is eager,
  then set loadIt to true, else make loadIt false */
  const [loadIt, setLoadIt] = React.useState(eager);
  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (imageSrc && loadIt) {
      // if loadIt is true, load the image
      const image = new Image();
      image.src = imageSrc;
    }
  }, [loadIt, imageSrc]);
  if (eager) {
    /* if eager, this hooks should NOT return
    a function because the image already loaded */
    return;
  }
  /* if not eager, returns a function
   that user can call to start load the image */
  return () => setLoadIt(true);
}

To use it:

tsx
export const Page = () => {
  // this image will be loaded when on mount
  usePreloadImage('http://placecorgi.com/200/200');
  // this image only load when you hover over the button
  const loadLargeImage = usePreloadImage('http://placecorgi.com/300/300', false);
  return (
    <div>
      <p>Open DevTools (F12) Network Tabs to verify</p>
      <button
        onMouseEnter={() => {
          // typecheck as typescript infer this may be undefined
          // highlight-next-line
          if (loadLargeImage) {
            loadLargeImage();
          }
        }}
      >
        Hover Me
      </button>
    </div>
  );
};

tsx
export const Page = () => {
  // this image will be loaded when on mount
  usePreloadImage('http://placecorgi.com/200/200');
  // this image only load when you hover over the button
  const loadLargeImage = usePreloadImage('http://placecorgi.com/300/300', false);
  return (
    <div>
      <p>Open DevTools (F12) Network Tabs to verify</p>
      <button
        onMouseEnter={() => {
          // typecheck as typescript infer this may be undefined
          // highlight-next-line
          if (loadLargeImage) {
            loadLargeImage();
          }
        }}
      >
        Hover Me
      </button>
    </div>
  );
};

See it in action:

jsx
function usePreloadImage(imageSrc, eager = true) {
  const [loadIt, setLoadIt] = React.useState(eager);
  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (imageSrc && loadIt) {
      const image = new Image();
      image.src = imageSrc;
    }
  }, [loadIt, imageSrc]);
  if (eager) {
    return;
  }
  return () => setLoadIt(true);
}
const Page = () => {
  // this image will be loaded when on mount
  usePreloadImage('http://placecorgi.com/200/200');
  // this image only load when you hover over the button
  const loadLargeImage = usePreloadImage('http://placecorgi.com/300/300', false);
  return (
    <div>
      <p>Open DevTools (F12) Network Tabs to verify</p>
      <button
        onMouseEnter={() => {
          loadLargeImage();
        }}
      >
        Hover Me
      </button>
    </div>
  );
};
const Container = () => {
  const [key, setKey] = React.useState(0);
  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => setKey(key + 1)} className="btn btn-raised btn-primary">
        Reload App
      </button>
      <Page key={key} />
    </div>
  );
};
render(<Container />);

jsx
function usePreloadImage(imageSrc, eager = true) {
  const [loadIt, setLoadIt] = React.useState(eager);
  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (imageSrc && loadIt) {
      const image = new Image();
      image.src = imageSrc;
    }
  }, [loadIt, imageSrc]);
  if (eager) {
    return;
  }
  return () => setLoadIt(true);
}
const Page = () => {
  // this image will be loaded when on mount
  usePreloadImage('http://placecorgi.com/200/200');
  // this image only load when you hover over the button
  const loadLargeImage = usePreloadImage('http://placecorgi.com/300/300', false);
  return (
    <div>
      <p>Open DevTools (F12) Network Tabs to verify</p>
      <button
        onMouseEnter={() => {
          loadLargeImage();
        }}
      >
        Hover Me
      </button>
    </div>
  );
};
const Container = () => {
  const [key, setKey] = React.useState(0);
  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => setKey(key + 1)} className="btn btn-raised btn-primary">
        Reload App
      </button>
      <Page key={key} />
    </div>
  );
};
render(<Container />);

This works, but I dislike that as a user of the custom hook, I need to do a check on the type of the returned callback of the custom hook. We know that when we pass false as second parameter to the usePreloadImage hook, it will definitely return a function. Now we do that type checking not because it is necessary, but just to shut TypeScript up.

This is because TypeScript is not that smart to infer that logic; it only sees that there are two possible outcomes of usePreloadImage function, which is either undefined or a function.

We need to teach TypeScript to recognize that patterns by overload the function:

ts
// highlight-start
export function usePreloadImage(imageSrc: string, eager?: true): void;
export function usePreloadImage(imageSrc: string, eager: false): () => void;
// highlight-end
export function usePreloadImage(imageSrc: string, eager = true) {
  const [loadIt, setLoadIt] = React.useState(eager);
  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (imageSrc && loadIt) {
      const image = new Image();
      image.src = imageSrc;
    }
  }, [loadIt, imageSrc]);
  if (eager) {
    return;
  }
  return () => setLoadIt(true);
}

ts
// highlight-start
export function usePreloadImage(imageSrc: string, eager?: true): void;
export function usePreloadImage(imageSrc: string, eager: false): () => void;
// highlight-end
export function usePreloadImage(imageSrc: string, eager = true) {
  const [loadIt, setLoadIt] = React.useState(eager);
  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (imageSrc && loadIt) {
      const image = new Image();
      image.src = imageSrc;
    }
  }, [loadIt, imageSrc]);
  if (eager) {
    return;
  }
  return () => setLoadIt(true);
}

Now TypeScript can infer the returned type correctly.